When you have been diagnosed with cervical cancer or any other form of cancer, the doctor will try to determine how far the disease has progressed or spread in the body. This is known as staging. Let us now take a look at the stages and risk factors of cervical cancer. Stages and risk factors of cervical cancer 1. Stage I In this stage, cancer cells have spread from the surface to the deeper cells of the cervix. IA The amount of cancerous cells is minimal and can only be seen under a microscope. IB The cancer is deeper than 5mm but is still contained in the cervix. 2. Stage II In stage II, cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and other parts of the body and can be classed as follows: IIA Cancer has spread out of the cervix and uterus but has not affected the nearby tissues, known as parametria. IIB Cancer has grown and spread to the parametria. 3. Stage III Cancer has progressed beyond the cervix. IIIA Cancer has spread to the lower region of the vagina. IIIB Cancer has spread to the pelvis and is blocking the flow of urine in the ureters. IIIC Cancer can be of any size and will show up on imaging tests.

Cancer is the abnormal growth and division of cells in the body. It can start in any organs and spreads if neglected. According to the National Cancer Institute, about 39.5% of the population in the country will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetimes. While the condition is curable, it is better to prevent it altogether. Thus, here is a list of cancer risk factors and prevention tips you should know about. Cancer risk factors 1. Genes One of the main risk factors for cancer is genes. If any of your first or second-degree relatives have been diagnosed with some kind of cancer in the past, you are at higher risk of developing the disease. 2. Smoking In the list of cancer risk factors, smoking is the biggest preventable one. The habit affects the DNA of the cells and makes them behave abnormally. If you smoke regularly, you are automatically at a higher risk of various kinds of cancer, including cancer in the breast, ovaries, lungs, liver, and pancreas. 3. Age The risk factor for most types of cancers increases as the person gets older. 4. Obesity When you are obese or consistently overweight, the excess fat cells in the body increase the risk of inflammation in the body and cause the production of excess growth hormones.

Prostate cancer can become life-threatening if not treated at an early stage. Various factors influence the risk of developing prostate cancer. Men above the age of 50 and those with other risk factors like a family history of the condition should talk to a doctor to understand the diagnosis and stages of prostate cancer. This article includes some basics everyone should know. 1. Diagnosis of prostate cancer The following tests are common diagnostic methods for determining the prostate cancer stage: Initial screening and physical examination Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) is where the doctor physically examines the prostate gland by feeling for any anomalies in shape or size. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a blood test used to check for abnormally high levels of PSA in the blood. A diagnosis is prescribed if the doctor notices anomalies in any of these screening tests. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) An MRI helps create detailed images of soft tissues using radio waves and strong magnets. MRI scans of the prostate gland can provide doctors with a clear picture of the prostate and surrounding areas. A doctor might recommend a biopsy if required, depending on the results. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) For accurate observation of the tumor, a probe is inserted through the rectum to view the ultrasound images of the prostate gland.

Multiple Sclerosis or MS is a disease that affects your immune system. The immune system which exists to protect the body from any foreign attack becomes the attacker itself. It damages the protective layer called myelin which covers the nerve fibers in the body. This leads to communication issues as your brain is unable to converse with the body and vice versa. There is no permanent cure for MS, but it can only be managed by timely treatment. Here are the treatment options for MS. Some of the treatment options for MS include medication for MS attacks. Nerve inflammation is quite common, and certain oral corticosteroids are prescribed to combat the same. These may have side effects such as mood swings, fluid retention, or insomnia. When your symptoms do not respond to steroids, doctors may resort to plasma exchange where the plasma from your blood is removed, fortified with a protein solution, and infused back. The treatment options for MS to slow down the progression: For those in the primary progressive stage of MS, Ocrevus or ocrelizumab is probably the only option. It is the only drug that is FDA-approved, and it promises to slow down the progression of MS.

Tears provide natural lubrication for your eyes. When you do not produce sufficient lubrication or your tears are not enough, you tend to suffer from dry eyes. There may be many reasons for the same. One of the reasons may be that you do not produce sufficient tears. Another could be that the quality of the tears is low. The diagnosis and treatment of dry eyes are essential for you to feel better. 1. Diagnosis Eye examination by an ophthalmologist Your eye specialist will have your medical history on record and, therefore, can help in the diagnosis and treatment of dry eyes. Measuring the volume of tears Schirmer’s test is a reliable test that measures the production of tears. Blotting paper is placed on the lower lid and measured after five minutes. On the other hand, a phenol red thread test is where a thread that is filled with pH-sensitive dye is placed on the lower lid. Tests to check the quality of tears Certain dyes are used in eye drops that will help doctors understand the surface condition. The staining pattern in the cornea is observed along with evaporation time to understand the quality of the tears. This helps in the diagnosis and treatment of dry eyes.